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Irreligion in China
The Chinese government is officially atheist; however, there are a wide variety of religious practices among the Chinese population. The Chinese government's attitude to religion is one of skepticism.〔 According to a 2012 Gallup poll, 47% of Chinese people were convinced atheists, and a further 30% were not religious. In comparison, only 14% considered themselves to be religious. More recently, a 2015 Gallup poll found the number of convinced atheists in China to be 61%, with a further 29% saying that they are not religious compared to just 7% who are religious. Article 36 of the 1978 Constitution provides for religious freedom: “No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens because they do, or do not believe in religion.” The Chinese state officially recognizes five religions: Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism, and Protestantism.〔Rowan Callick. ''Party Time: Who Runs China and How''. Black Inc, 2013. p. 112〕 In order to be a member of the Communist Party of China an individual must not have religious affiliation.
==History==
Irreligion in various forms, especially rationalism, secularism, and antitheism, has had a long history in China dating back millennia. The Zhou Dynasty ''Classic of Poetry'' contains several catechistic poems in the Decade of Dang questioning the authority or existence of ''Shangdi''. Later philosophers such as Xun Zi, Fan Zhen, Han Fei, Zhang Zai, Wang Fuzhi also criticized the religious practices prevalent during their times. Buddhism flourished in China during the Southern and Northern Dynasties Period. It was during this period that Fan Zhen wrote ''Shen Mie Lun'' (Simplified Chinese 神灭论, Traditional Chinese 神滅論, "''On the Annihilation of the Shen''") in reaction to Buddhist concepts of body-soul dualism, ''samsara'' and ''karma''. He wrote that the soul is merely an effect or function of the body, and that there is no soul without the body (i.e., after the destruction and death of the body).〔Phil Zuckerman. ''Atheism and Secularity''. ABC-CLIO, 2009. p. 213〕 Further, he considered that cause-and-effect relationships claimed to be evidence of ''karma'' were merely the result of coincidence and bias. For this, he was exiled by the Emperor.
Confucianism as a state-instituted philosophy has flourished in China since the Han Dynasty, and the opportunities it offered was another fundamental origin of atheism in China.
China is considered to be a nation with a long history of humanism, secularism, and this-worldly thought since the time of Confucius,〔Mark Juergensmeyer. ''Religion in Global Civil Society''. Oxford University Press, 2005. p. 70, quote: «() humanist philosophies such as Confucianism, which do not share a belief in divine law and do not exalt faithfulness to a higher law as a manifestation of divine will ()».〕 who stressed ''shisu'' (世俗 "being in the world"). Hu Shih stated in the 1920s that "China is a country without religion and the Chinese are a people who are not bound by religious superstitions."〔Yong Chen, 2012. p. 127〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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